计算流体动力学的问题范围及最新发展

1、引言本文是关于计算流体动力学问题范围和最新发展的译述。所谓“最新”是相对于我的书(Roache,1972)而言的。(为简短起见,那本书在本文中称为 CFD。本文里的有些课题在 CFD 中已提及但强调得不够,而其余的在写那本书时尚未出现。     

三轴激光陀螺惯性敏感组件

用整体式的三轴ＰＩＸＹＺ代替三个单轴激光陀螺构成的惯性导航系统有很多优点。与传统的结构相比，ＰＩＸＹＺ惯性灵敏组件存在固有的对称性和平衡性。数据处理过程被简化，高频振动补偿更简单，圆锥运动更低，需使用的计算机频率较低，挠曲的影响也可以被修正过来。     

利用GPS进行近地轨道确定和会合导航

本文介绍了GPS用于近地轨道确定和会合导航的性能研究结果。目前为陆地、海上和空中导航开发的一些技术正在扩展到空间环境。对两个近地航天器上的GPS接收机系统的实际工作情况进行了仿真研究,以此评价了GPS系统的相对和绝对导航精度。为该性能仿真研究提供一个逼真的基础,拟制了一些动力学和环境模型。仿真研究获得了两项重要结论:1)轨道上用一台GPS差分基准接收机给其附近另一些GPS接收机提供信息,可以将这些接收机的绝对定位精度提高到基准站所能达到的精度。2)从同4颗GPS卫星测得测量值的两台同型号接收机,其相对定位精度(1σ)每轴向可以达到1.8m(P码)和20m(C/A码)。相对速度误差每轴小于0.04m/s。当接收机拉开相当距离时,差分GPS和相对导航技术的精度下降不明显。     

新型无电极晶体振荡器的性能

无电极(BVA)石英晶体振荡器已在法国的Besancon研制成功并由瑞士的Neuchat-el oscilloquartz S.A.进行工业化生产。这种谐振器使石英晶体振荡器的长期性能得到改善。由于允许较高的激励电平,所以也保证了较好的短期稳定度[5][6]。已经用三种不同的振荡器获得了实验结     

低插入损耗宽带模拟信号处理滤波用超导抽头延迟线

横向波滤波器已经用微型超导抽头延迟线实现。由于超导体的损耗低,这就有可能采用小型带状线结构在微波频段提供有效延迟。抽头延迟线是以回波耦合器或以阻抗间断形式来实现的。Chirp(线性调频滤波器)是用这样一些耦合器级联起来增加长度的办法组成的。在2.6GHz带宽内做了脉冲展宽和压缩实验。通过给这些抽头加权,可使旁边电平的减小,比峰值输出低26dB。应用耦合模的分析来预测这种滤波器的响应特性,其分析结果与实验非常符合。分析还表明,如果加强耦合使插入损耗减小约10dB,就会产生明显相位畸变,旁边的电平同时成比例地减小。已经提出一种计算方法,根据它来调整抽头的位置,以便用补偿抽头重加权引起的畸变来预先修正相位响应。对经预先修正的器件的进一步分析表明,在插入损耗为3dB的汉明(Hamming)加权滤波器中,旁边的相对电平能够达到41dB。这种技术可用于声波滤波器和光栅滤波器。     

在特定条件下的激波风洞中的压力测量

1.引言激波风洞实质上是由与轴线垂直安装的气密膜片分两部分的刚性圆筒组成,膜片两边各加以不同的压力。当膜片被爆破时,由于激波传入低压部分(被驱动段)稀疏波传入高压部分(驱动段),而使压力渐趋相等。如果管子有恒定的截面。激波强度不随距离而衰减。在激波后面的一定区域内,压力和质点速度也不变。正是由于激波风洞能提供可控制的激波和气流,使它在很多的研究工作中,成为很宝贵     

Training astronauts using three-dimensional visualisations of the International Space Station

Recent advances in personal computer technology have led to the development of relatively low-cost software to generate high-resolution three-dimensional images. The capability both to rotate and zoom in on these images superposed on appropriate background images enables high-quality movies to be created. These developments have been used to produce realistic simulations of the International Space Station on CD-ROM. This product is described and its potentialities demonstrated. With successive launches, the ISS is gradually built up, and visualised over a rotating Earth against the star background. It is anticipated that this product's capability will be useful when training astronauts to carry out EVAs around the ISS. Simulations inside the ISS are also very realistic. These should prove invaluable when familiarising the ISS crew with their future workplace and home. Operating procedures can be taught and perfected. "What if" scenario models can be explored and this facility should be useful when training the crew to deal with emergency situations which might arise. This CD-ROM product will also be used to make the general public more aware of, and hence enthusiastic about, the International Space Station programme.     

先进焊接技术在航空航天领域中的应用

先进飞机的研制与生产对焊接技术的发展具有强大的推动作用,在解决航空制造技术关键问题时,焊接的优势越来越明显,如减轻结构重量、提高结构性能等,焊接技术已由原来的辅助制造工艺演变成为飞机制造中的关键技术;另一方面,焊接技术自身的发展和完善,也为新型先进飞机的结构设计和制造提供了技术保证。     

A facility for long-term Mars simulation experiments: the Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH)

We describe the design, construction, and pilot operation of a Mars simulation facility comprised of a cryogenic environmental chamber, an atmospheric gas analyzer, and a xenon/mercury discharge source for UV generation. The Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH) consists of a double-walled cylindrical chamber. The double wall provides a cooling mantle through which liquid N(2) can be circulated. A load-lock system that consists of a small pressure-exchange chamber, which can be evacuated, allows for the exchange of samples without changing the chamber environment. Fitted within the MESCH is a carousel, which holds up to 10 steel sample tubes. Rotation of the carousel is controlled by an external motor. Each sample in the carousel can be placed at any desired position. Environmental data, such as temperature, pressure, and UV exposure time, are computer logged and used in automated feedback mechanisms, enabling a wide variety of experiments that include time series. Tests of the simulation facility have successfully demonstrated its ability to produce temperature cycles and maintain low temperature (down to -140 degrees C), low atmospheric pressure (5-10 mbar), and a gas composition like that of Mars during long-term experiments.     

A NEW FRONT TRACKING METHOD FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

INTRODUCTIONIn CFD there are two kinds ofboundary con-ditions,free surface or substance interface[1,2 ] .In order to accurately simulate these boundaries,we must deal with the following problems,thediscontinuity and the time evolution of theboundaries.In Eulerian grid system,boundaries movewith fluid. When calculating the convectionterm,the flow field will be time averaged for ev-ery a few time steps.Therefore the discontinuityof boundaries is lost with averaging process.VOF( volume of…